Euphrates: River of Civilizations

Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates River sustains life across the Middle East. Its basin witnessed the rise of early human settlements and the formation of ancient Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization.

The fertile valleys of the Euphrates supported the Agricultural Revolution around 10,000 BCE. This pivotal moment saw humanity's shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled farming communities, forever altering human history.

The Euphrates was central to several ancient empires, including the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian. The river not only provided resources but also served as a natural boundary and trade route.

Advanced irrigation systems were developed along the Euphrates, leading to increased agricultural yields and the growth of cities. These innovations included canals and qanats, which are underground water channels.

The Euphrates features in many myths, including the Epic of Gilgamesh. It's believed by some to be one of the four rivers flowing from the Garden of Eden described in the Bible.

Throughout history, control over the Euphrates has been militarily strategic. It has been the site of countless conflicts, serving as a defensive line for empires and a sought-after prize in wars.

Today, the Euphrates is facing unprecedented challenges from overuse, pollution, and damming projects. These issues have led to water scarcity, affecting millions and exacerbating regional tensions.

Around 400 BCE, Persians used qanats to create ice in the desert by freezing water in underground chambers during winter nights.