Introduction to Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps are dynamic axis-symmetric work-absorbing machines. They transfer energy to fluid via an impeller, dramatically increasing the fluid's velocity and pressure.

Key components include the impeller, casing, shaft, bearings, and seal. The impeller's design and rotational speed dictate the pump's performance characteristics.

An impeller's vanes fling fluids outward, increasing kinetic energy. This process is crucial as it influences flow rates and pressure head.

Casings can be volute or diffuser type, each with unique fluid velocity control methods, impacting efficiency and stability at off-design conditions.

Mechanical seals prevent leakage around the shaft, maintaining pump efficiency. Advanced seals use bellows or magnets for enhanced leak prevention.

The shaft transmits torque from the motor to the impeller, while bearings support the shaft, minimizing friction and wear.

Some centrifugal pumps can adjust their flow rates without mechanical changes, using a technique called 'throttling' or by adjusting the impeller's rotational speed.