Regulation of Cardiac Function by Hormones

The endocrine system regulates vital processes via hormones. These chemical messengers maintain homeostasis, influence metabolism, growth, and even cardiac function.

Heart function is tightly regulated by hormones. For instance, adrenaline increases heart rate and contractility, while atrial natriuretic peptide decreases blood volume and pressure.

Thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, accelerate the heart rate and enhance contractility. They also promote vasodilation, reducing systemic vascular resistance and affecting blood pressure.

Cortisol, the stress hormone, increases blood pressure and cardiac workload. Chronic elevated cortisol can lead to hypertension and increase the risk of heart diseases.

Insulin has a cardioprotective role, improving coronary blood flow. However, insulin resistance, as seen in type 2 diabetes, can lead to cardiovascular complications.

Estrogen has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. It helps in vasodilation, reducing the incidence of hypertension, and may lower heart disease risk before menopause.

Imbalances in hormones like aldosterone can lead to heart failure by causing sodium retention and potassium loss, affecting cardiac electrical activity and muscle function.