Introduction to XSS Attacks

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability typically found in web applications. It allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into content delivered to users, potentially leading to data theft, session hijacking, or unauthorized actions.

There are three main types of XSS: Stored XSS, Reflected XSS, and DOM-Based XSS. Each type exploits different vulnerabilities in web applications, targeting user inputs, URL parameters, or the Document Object Model (DOM) respectively.

XSS attacks are not limited to web browsers. Surprisingly, they can also affect desktop applications, mobile apps, and even Internet of Things (IoT) devices that render HTML content, making the scope of potential threats broader than commonly perceived.

Attackers are employing advanced techniques such as exploiting browser extensions, using polyglot payloads, and bypassing Content Security Policies (CSP). These methods enhance the effectiveness of XSS attacks and evade traditional security defenses.

To prevent XSS, developers should implement input validation, use security libraries like OWASP's AntiSamy, and ensure proper content encoding. Regularly updating frameworks and conducting security audits are also essential practices for minimizing XSS vulnerabilities.

Smart TVs with built-in browsers can be susceptible to XSS attacks, allowing attackers to control TV functions remotely, potentially leading to unauthorized spying or data theft.