Understanding Epigenetics

Epigenetics studies heritable changes in gene function without altering DNA sequence. These changes can affect gene expression and are reversible, unlike DNA sequence mutations.

Key epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-associated silencing. Together, they regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure and DNA accessibility.

DNA methylation typically reduces gene expression. Methyl groups added to cytosine bases can prevent transcription factors from binding to DNA, thus controlling gene activity.

Histones can be modified through acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These changes can either tighten or loosen DNA winding, influencing gene expression levels.

Epigenetic patterns are crucial during development. They guide cell differentiation by selectively silencing or activating genes, which is essential for forming different cell types.

External factors like diet, stress, and toxins can cause epigenetic changes. These can affect an individual's gene expression and potentially be passed to offspring.

Unlike genetic mutations, some epigenetic marks can be reversed, offering potential for therapeutic interventions in diseases like cancer, where epigenetic dysregulation is common.