Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass and copy number to increase energy production.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) is a major regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, coordinating the activity of multiple proteins for mitochondrial growth and function.

Mitochondrial biogenesis includes the replication of mitochondrial DNA, which is distinct from nuclear DNA, inherited maternally, and encodes key components of the respiratory chain.

Physical exercise triggers mitochondrial biogenesis. The increased demand for energy activates signaling pathways leading to enhanced mitochondrial function and muscle performance.

Mitochondrial biogenesis declines with age, contributing to reduced metabolism and increased oxidative stress. Interventions to promote biogenesis may counteract age-related diseases.

Mitochondria originate from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, forming a symbiotic relationship that persists to this day.